Which tumor markers are associated with testicular carcinoma?

Testicular carcinoma is closely associated with specific tumor markers that are crucial for diagnosis and monitoring treatment. The correct answer identifies the markers beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (B-hCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) as being significantly linked to testicular tumors.

B-hCG is particularly relevant in non-seminomatous testicular tumors, especially choriocarcinoma. It can be elevated in both seminomas and non-seminomas, making it a critical marker in the clinical evaluation of testicular cancer. AFP is predominantly associated with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors, especially in yolk sac tumors. Elevated LDH levels can indicate tumor burden and are nonspecific but often used to assess the prognosis of testicular cancer.

While other options mention different markers, they are not predominantly associated with testicular carcinoma in the same way. For instance, CA-125 is generally related to ovarian cancer, and CEA is primarily used in colorectal cancer. The markers listed in the other choices, such as ALP and PSA, serve different purposes in oncology and are not specific to testicular tumors, thereby reinforcing the selection of the correct answer.