PAEA Surgery EOR Practice Exam 2025 – Complete Study Resource

In the context of atherosclerosis, the identified risk factors play a significant role in the development and progression of this condition. Hypertension, smoking, and diabetes are well-established risk factors that contribute to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Hypertension leads to increased vascular damage due to elevated pressure on the vessel walls, promoting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Smoking introduces numerous harmful substances into the bloodstream, causing oxidative stress and inflammation, which further accelerates atherosclerotic changes in the arteries. Diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, is associated with hyperglycemia that damages endothelial cells and promotes inflammatory processes, enhancing the atherosclerotic process.

By contrast, other options present factors that do not have a clear association with the risk of atherosclerosis. Hypotension is generally not a recognized risk factor; instead, it's often considered protective against heart disease. Similarly, a low cholesterol and high HDL levels are associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular events. Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy diet contribute to overall cardiovascular health and can lower the risk of atherosclerosis but are not direct risk factors.

Thus, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes are critical to understanding the risk factors in the context of atherosclerosis, making