PAEA Surgery End Of Rotation (EOR) Practice Exam

What is the primary treatment for hypercalcemia?

1. Fluid and diuretics

2. Bisphosphonates

3. Calcitonin

4. All of the above

The correct answer is: All of the above

The primary treatment for hypercalcemia typically involves a combination of interventions to effectively lower elevated calcium levels in the body. Hydration with intravenous fluids is crucial as it helps dilute the calcium in the bloodstream and promotes renal excretion of calcium. Diuretics, particularly loop diuretics, may be used after adequate hydration to facilitate calcium excretion through the urine. In addition to fluid management, bisphosphonates are effective in conditions where hypercalcemia is due to malignancy or certain metabolic disorders, as they inhibit osteoclast activity, reducing bone resorption and consequently lowering calcium levels. Calcitonin, although not as commonly used, plays a role as it can provide rapid, short-term lowering of calcium levels by promoting the incorporation of calcium into the bone and inhibiting osteoclasts. Considering the different underlying causes and severity of hypercalcemia, utilizing all these options in a complementing manner addresses the issue comprehensively. Thus, the inclusion of all these treatments encompasses an optimal approach to managing hypercalcemia effectively.